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The Junior Enterprises are unaware of the crisis. Despite a difficult economic environment, they display a very insolent health. Present in schools and universities, student associations such as dee managed companies had in 2011 a turnover of 8 million euros, up 14.5% compared to 2009, the year 2010 was marked by a high consolidation. Last year, no fewer than 2300 companies have sought the services of Junior Enterprises 160 French members of the National Confederation of Junior Enterprises (CNJE), which promotes the concept and the brand "Junior Company".  

Created more than forty years in order to bring the teaching of the business world, these associations Act 1901 and non-profit professional nature consist only of student volunteers perform consulting and service delivery for clients with very different profiles. "This can range from a business plan for a self-contractor, charged 1,000 euros for a qualitative study of several months for a large group, billed 30,000 euros," said Lamia Bennani Toulouse Flight's Junior Council, voted Best Junior company in France in 2011 by the CNJE.

The university is catching up

These associations have indeed lower social charges due to their special status, allowing them to offer rates up to four times lower than those offered by a traditional provider. "Besides the attractive rate of our services, it is also our expertise which is trusted," said Adrian Vasse, Chairman of the EDHEC Junior Etudes, which has seen its turnover double between 2009 and 2011 to 220,000 euros. A view shared by Matthias Brottier, the president of the CNJE, for whom "it is the concept itself is pleasing. Our members are dynamic and provide a fresh, innovative and pioneering customers. " Their microstructure and quality of association allow Junior Enterprises to be responsive, flexible and personalized service and differentiate themselves from large consulting firms.

Contrary to popular belief, the Junior Enterprises are not just about the areas of finance and engineering. They cover a wide field of activity that both of agronomy at the optical, pharmacy to graphics through the mail. Long reserved for schools, universities are fast catching up. Under the plan "Student Entrepreneurs" launched in September 2009 to publicize and develop contractor status in universities, Valérie Pécresse, Minister for Higher Education at the time, wanted to be created a "junior business "in each of the 83 French universities with the help of CNJE. Three years later, the number of junior students has almost quadrupled from 11 to 40!

Among them, the Sorbonne Junior Council, created in February 2010 into the fold of the School of Management at the Sorbonne (Paris I) and sponsored by the Education Minister Luc Chatel. During his first year, she made 10 missions including one for Air Liquide. "It's a relatively small but very honorable for a first year," said Francois-Xavier Renault, its president. The Group Tollens paints, which uses the Junior Company for a mission, declares himself "satisfied" with the quality of the mission carried out and skills emerged.

A concept taken abroad

An experience that allows students to practice the teachings they receive and identify the problems of the company while being paid. Not to mention the professional network that is built up over the missions. All assets which may be valued at the time to enter the workforce.

At a time when the political struggle to stop the rise of youth unemployment and with its experience, the CNJE intends to participate in the debate. Club Junior Enterprises, its think tank, has published a white paper last March bound for presidential candidates to improve the employability of graduates through ten proposals.

A business model that has proven to the point of export beyond our borders. Founded in 1992 on the initiative of CNJE, the JADE federates European Junior Enterprises. In 2012, there were thirty Junior Enterprises in Germany, 25 in the Netherlands, as in Italy, Switzerland 8 or 3 in Romania. And proof that we never stop learning, corporate universities also on the rise.

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Undisputed king of big hypermarkets, Auchan is still not satisfied with its supermarkets in France. The revival began in 2009 has not had the desired results. That year, Atac supermarkets had moulted within a few months in Simply Market, a concept "midway between discount stores and supermarkets," considered at the time as one of the most innovative.

Like the hard discounters Aldi and Lidl, the sign promised to offer low prices permanently, without promotion, building on the savings from reducing the number of references. The investment of 100 million was the largest ever made by the supermarket industry. But in the first month the Simply Market are struggling to approach two goals: increase revenue by 5% to 10% and volume growth of 10% to 15%.  

"We started to rework the concept in April 2010, adding between 400 and 500 references, including national brands and premium stores in 21 tests. The results were improved immediately, Hamet recognizes Gilbert, chief operating officer of the Ile-de-France Sud, which inaugurated Tuesday in Saclay, near Paris, a concept more upscale, radically different from the original. We had to go even further. The Market Simply type, like Saclay, has 14,000 references, 4,000 or more than three years ago. "

This description applies only to the Simply Market in category "food supermarket of attraction." As Auchan is also reneged on its uniform concept, which was not sticking to park Atac, very heterogeneous. Supermarkets, which vary from 500 to 3,000 m2, now have no fewer than five different vocations, the store "ultraproximité" located at the foot of the buildings in the downtown "store of great attraction" in rural areas, compared to small hypermarkets.

60 stores will be revamped this year

"All the Simply Market are committed to being the cheapest way to store their catchment area, Gilbert said Hamet. Our price image has suffered from the gradual introduction of national brands. We lower our prices again and communicate about it in May. We insist particularly on the products in less than a dollar, supplemented by our own list of 52 products permanently low prices, including for example the croissants and steaks. "

Simply Market also relies on promotions, which were reintroduced: an article in ten is now sold at a discount. It is still two times less than the average recorded in supermarkets, but it's the level of promotion in Monoprix.

By the end of the year, sixty Simply Market will be revamped in France. They are especially enlarged to accommodate more products. Auchan seeks a return on investment in 5 years instead of 7. Gives an important family group, which has invested heavily in 2009 and wants to finally find the right formula for its supermarkets. Despite these tentative beginnings, the group is still growing 12% a year for this industry, which must have 3,000 stores worldwide, including 1,000 built in 2015.

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Air transportation emits about 3% carbon dioxide (CO2) released by humans into the atmosphere. But according to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), its emissions have almost doubled (+98%) between 1990 and 2006 and are expected to increase by 63% by 2020. This is due to the strong growth that the EU wished to include airlines in the industries subject to carbon allowances.

Decided in 2008, this "carbon tax air" has been applicable since 1 January to major airlines transiting through EU airports. According to official documents of the end of 2011, 4291 airlines must be submitted to CO2 quotas, including 28 Chinese companies. Brussels has set an emissions cap for each company, who must buy the equivalent of 15% of its emissions, as carbon credits.

This air tax should bring in 2012 256 million euros to the EU, the Commission said. A pittance compared to $ 3.8 billion represented the German Government, by controlling only Airbus Hong Kong Airlines, threatened. Connie Hedegaard, European Commissioner for the fight against climate change, repeated his refusal to yield to threats and to revisit the legislation.

The profession particularly hostile

From the earliest discussions on the implementation of these CO2 quotas on airlines, the profession has expressed very hostile. Last November, ICAO, the Organization of International Civil Aviation, adopted a resolution recommending to exempt non-European companies of the carbon tax. 26 of its 36 members including China, the United States and Russia, were signatories. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) and ICAO call for voluntary measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, implemented worldwide.

In a report published in early 2011, the rating agency Standard & Poor's estimated that the measure Brussels could cost 1.12 billion for airlines in 2012-2013. Since then, the price per tonne of CO2 collapsed on the European market which would reduce the cost to about 700 million euros. But it adds to the severe increase in fuel prices.

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At a time when many manufacturers are seeking solutions to their difficulties in Europe, the alliance between PSA Peugeot Citroen and General Motors supplies all conversations at the Geneva show. The French on Tuesday launched a capital increase of one billion euros, after which GM will take 7% of the shares of PSA, the Peugeot family from 31 to 25.2% of the capital. This operation gives us "the ability to make the necessary expenditures to investments with GM on a number of projects," says Jean-Baptiste de Chatillon, the CFO. These are "projects we wanted to achieve, but we did not have the capacity to do so quickly," everything "with greater efficiency than if we were alone," he says. Ideas that focus on small cars, station wagons, "crossover" and minivans. The first vehicle will arrive in 2016

"We have identified the programs on which we want to work with PSA. Others could be added to as and when cooperation takes place in a climate of trust, "said his side Stephen Girsky, vice president of GM. Thanks also to the pooling of purchases, both grouped hope everyone save $ 1 billion per year from 2016.

"PSA needs cash"

The least we can say is that the two rival groups are skeptical. Renault, Nissan ally of Japan for thirteen years (which it owns 43.4%, while Japan has 15% of French), has been especially reserved. "In our design, an alliance must be based on cross-shareholdings. This way, everything a manufacturer implements to take his partner's expertise, he gets a real return, "financially, reacted Carlos Tavares. The COO of Renault also recalled that in his view, create a common purchasing structure, and especially the engineers to work together, "takes time". In short, the operation is over, he said, an "equity participation of GM" in a context where PSA is "in need of cash."

Daimler believes that the combination PSA-GM is not the same nature as its partnership with Renault (through cross-holdings of 3.1%). "As our cooperation with Renault is to add strength, especially this new alliance is trying to tackle challenges in Europe," said Dieter Zetche, the boss of the German specialist high end.

The site of Aulnay-sous-Bois threatened

All observers point out that this approximation leaves unresolved the issue of overcapacity of the two manufacturers on the Old Continent payday loans. "They have the same problem, I wonder how they will learn from each other to solve it," said Carlos Tavares. PSA and GM said they would address this issue separately. PSA has its problems of overcapacity in Europe "on 18 to 24 months" to come, has also said Denis Martin, director of industrial PSA. By the presidential election, an announcement seems impossible, but the site of Aulnay-sous-Bois, which will produce the Citroen C3 until 2014, seems particularly threatened after that horizon. The future sites Sevelnord, near Valenciennes, and Madrid, is also uncertain. Meanwhile, Opel could close two new plants in Europe, Germany and Britain, according to U.S. media.

For his part, Sergio Marchionne, the boss of Fiat-Chrysler, says it "would not like to be in the shoes of GM," because "a stake of 7%, which does not provide an integration of European , is not the right answer "immediately, even if beneficial effects will be to" medium and long term. " Fiat "remains open" to a merger with a third partner. "All" potentially of interest to manufacturers, including Renault, apart from the German Volkswagen and Daimler, which are not considered "technically compatible with Fiat."

The U.S. company invests 304 million

PSA announced details of its capital increase of one billion euros, intended both to seal an alliance with General Motors and give itself the means to continue investing. The price of the transaction, which runs from March 8 to 21, was set at 8.27 euros, reflecting a discount of 42% over the course of Monday. However, existing shareholders have preferential subscription rights (DPS), which have a value. For them, the discount is reduced to about 32%. General Motors has committed $ 304 million to acquire 7% stake. Of this amount, 80 million used to purchase approximately 55.6% of the DPS of the Peugeot family. This will subscribe the capital increase for the balance – representing an investment of around 150 million – and will see its stake reduced from 31% to 25.2% of the capital of the manufacturer.

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LE FIGARO. – What do you think of the proposal of François Hollande to fight against the dismantling of French companies?

Jerome Chartier. – I think she will have three effects: be an accelerator of deindustrialization, insofar as an investor does not take the risk now to resume or expand a business in France for fear of not being free to to act. Francois Hollande first puts the brakes, then it must instead press the accelerator. It expresses all the difference between the administered economy, which it promotes, and regulated the economy, which is the one that defends Nicolas Sarkozy. The second effect is the return of any power of attorney of the Commercial Court which, in the early Mitterrand, had helped to give up half of French industry in symbolic franc. And again, it had never prevented or layoffs or the dismantling. Finally, and this is the third effect, this proposal is an absolute breach of property rights remains one of the founding principles of the Republican base.

Nevertheless, 800,000 industrial jobs were lost in France in ten years

.

These numbers are for the period 1998-2008. The dates are important because they correspond to the vote and the implementation of laws 35 hours. Malthusian principle was actually an accelerator relocations to the extent that, when you can not do enough work your employees in France to address the backlog, you produce elsewhere. Since 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy has stepped up to reindustrialise France. In its report released Friday, the OECD also welcome the research tax credit, the elimination of business tax and the status of the freelancer as good structural measures.

VAT can social relaunch "produce in France"?

Yes, it serves to finance a decrease of 12.12% in payroll taxes, but we will continue to do so to produce the same cost or cheaper than our competitors, Germany and Italy, and not China or India as would have us believe the French Francois Hollande.

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TF1 is not abandoning its status string of Formula 1. Monday morning, Laurent-Eric Le Lay, president of Eurosport and patron of sports rights acquisitions for the group TF1, wanted no misunderstanding: "The group intend to compete at the next tender" that launch the FOM (Formula One Management), he said in substance. "We will continue to treat an outstanding Formula 1 in 2012. And in view of the hearings, we will look very carefully the tender. It is true that today we believe that the price paid is very high, or too high fast cash now. " "Given the developments in television in clear, our means are more limited than before," he said.

Each year, the chain headed by Nonce Paolini does not less than 40 million euros to broadcast these competitions, more than two million per Grand Prix. An amount deemed too important by the group, although, on average, hearings Grand Prix on Sunday afternoon are in the chain, to 23.5%, about three million viewers.

On average, hearings Grand Prix on Sunday afternoon are in the chain.

Just arrived in Brussels Monday afternoon, Christine Lagarde has distributed the good report was expected of her: "Greece has clearly made major efforts … Now, we need others to do so efforts, and International Monetary Fund (IMF) is ready to work on these bases. "But the CEO was well refrained from giving any indication of the magnitude of the amounts that the Fund might have to put in the pot.

Curiously the German Jörg Asmussen, one of six board members of the European Central Bank (ECB), had announced yet for granted: "We Europeans are waiting (IMF) participate again in height third of the new program "(130 billion euros). This is totally excluded, it says in the entourage of the patron saint of the IMF.

Gone are the days when Dominique Strauss-Kahn had established de facto, in spring 2010, a totally new principle, that the IMF would participate in up to one third in terms of aid to Greece and Ireland and Portugal, the Europeans providing the other two thirds. This rule was applied to the latter two countries, but not quite to Greece where the IMF in assistance loans was only 27%.

And for good reason. It was noted in Washington that the loans in Athens have already exceeded the usual ratios: a country can not receive aid exceeding ten times its share capital to the IMF, according to an unwritten rule but was consistently observed for more sixty years. However, the facilities already enjoyed by Greece reach a multiple of 25.

Accountable

Second difficulty, according to the Wall Street Journal on Monday, the latest "Report on the debt sustainability" would show that by 2020 the ratio was 129% instead of 120% which are considered the maximum allowable. If teams Fund refuse to confirm the risk of skidding, the better to reaffirm that it is imperative that the limit of 120%.

Christine Lagarde, more than ever needs to be accountable to all its 187 shareholder countries, including the United States, which have veto power. While Tim Geithner, U.S. Treasury Secretary, said Sunday that "the United States encourage the IMF to support the agreement (European)". But this does not mean that his country is ready to increase the capacity of the Fund.

The Deputy Tim Geithner even said last Thursday before the Senate, he was no question that Washington is participating in the strengthening of the IMF, including Christine Lagarde has officially set the bar at $ 500 billion. Remember that this project all the countries of Southern Europe that the IMF might have to rescue them.

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The logs are exploding in the capital. With the cold polar current and higher hydrocarbons, chimneys begin to crackle louder. "The sales gallop since it's cold. We are running out of wood, a salesman explains the BP station on Avenue Paul Doumer (XVI). We sell the net logs from June to July, a quarter of a liter, 9.80 euros, with small kindlest handy for 4 euros. "A price high enough to not enjoy the warmth of the flames that occasionally and friendly . This is also the main motivation of the Paris market although this is changing. "We have no request to provide central Paris," said Sylvain Leonard, head of the wood logs Ile de France at the NFB (National Forest), through the joint venture Molinario NFB.  

European regulations

And contrary to popular belief, people in the capital can still make a fire in their fireplace. But on two conditions: "Do not bother neighbors and make two chimney swept every year: at the beginning of the start of the chimney and in the middle of the heating season," says Sylvain Leonard. While many consumers of central Paris have an approach of wood as approval, however in the Ile-de-France the consumer profile is different. Demand is steady and growing. "In the Ile-de-France, residential area, the consumption of wood logs grew by 30% over 12 months now with 30,000 cubic meters of wood delivered each year pay day loans. It starts to make a large volume, "says Sylvain Leonard. Main reason: consumption corresponds to an alternative energy source and complementary to traditional energy. "With the increase of oil, the wood is half the price of fuel oil and 30% cheaper than gas, says Sylvain Leonard. It's a bit more binding power of a wood boiler as this is an additional power source. "

Furthermore, with the next European regulations, it will become increasingly difficult to make fire by "open fire", that is to say, in a classic fireplace without insert. To limit the emission of particles, Brussels has banned the fireplace in large cities like Paris. "The interest of the pellet stove that adapt well to urban life becomes even more important, says Cyril Esnault, founder of the website Allobois.com. And can be plugged into any Internet magnet firewood. The Parisians are a third of our timber buyers, "says the manager. An energy source back to prehistory, which nevertheless still a bright future in the twenty-first century.

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From our correspondent in Berlin

The symbol will not have escaped anyone. The first act of the EU summit held in Berlin earlier this afternoon. German Chancellor Angela Merkel recueillli a very large majority, including within its own ranks, having traced the Bundestag outline of the stabilization plan for the euro area, as envisaged by Germany.

Some 503 deputies of 596 votes cast, approved the "motion" filed jointly by the government majority and the opposition. The two pages of the text set to Angela Markel its room for negotiation, deal with its European counterparts, tonight no question of charging more the European Central Bank, making it taste too many Germans. And not about to spend more than 211 billion euros already pledged by the country.The Chancellor had to fly to Brussels with a clear mandate, intended to strengthen the positions defended by Berlin.

She assured members that the solutions involving the ECB for the enlargement of the European Financial Stability Dondi "are no longer on the table" for negotiations provided for in the evening. A key point for Berlin, where the risk of inflation is the line not to cross. Therefore the purchase of government bonds on the secondary market should be transferred to the ECB EFSF. The outstanding guarantees amounting to 211 billion euros in Germany, will not be increased, has added Merkel.The conclusions of the summit will EFSF then again ratified by the Bundestag, the chancellor promised.

Need to amend the Treaties

"Unemployment has not been this low in 20 years" in the country said Angela Merkel, stressing that it will work on the implementation of "viable" tonight online payday loans. But Germany can not continue to act as if its European partners are in trouble. This is why Europe must become a "union of stability." The objective is clear: "prevent the crisis from spreading to other European countries."

For Greece, the Chancellor said that the goal is to "find a solution that would allow Greece to have a debt / GDP ratio of 120% by 2020." "It is impossible without the private sector participates more strongly than had been decided in July," she said.The discount should be between 50% and 60%, parliamentary sources said.

"The report of the troika shows that Greece is the beginning of a long and difficult road," said Merkel advocating sending a permanent mission in Athens to help the country return to growth .

For Angela Merkel, the crisis demonstrated the need to modify the EU treaties to impose greater "stability culture" in the economic and monetary union. Berlin wants to include enhanced penalties, with the possibility of prosecution before the European Court of Justice, for countries that violate the rules of the European Stability Pact. "We must repair the imperfections of the euro, now or never," she insisted.

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The mood is gloomy Tuesday in the Paris Bourse. The debt crisis and fears of a default still saddled Greek markets. The CAC began the session down 1.49% at 2 883.29 points after having already closed on Monday, down 1.85% to 2926.83 euros. Dexia tumble more than 15% in early trade. Elsewhere in Europe, London was down 1.40% to 5,004.51 points and Frankfurt from 1.72% to 5376.60 points. Also down sharply, Wall Street Monday reached its lowest level since September 2010.

Dexia tumble more than 15% in early trade

Monday evening, the finance ministers of the Eurogroup announced after their meeting that they see "in October," the decision on the next tranche of 8 billion euros to Greece.Europe is planning to review the particupation private sector in the second aid plan and is considering increasing the relief fund for indebted countries (EFSF). Finance Ministers have also agreed on the granting of collateral in exchange for loans to Greece.

Athens, meanwhile, announced new measures after Sunday warned that the country would not meet its deficit targets required by its creditors.

Oil down

Despite these announcements, this is no time to calm the markets on Tuesday morning. In Asia, the Nikkei yield 1.31% to 8433.27 points and the Hang Seng in Hong Kong 1.59% to 16,554 points. Fears weigh on the euro area also on the European currency has reached Monday, a low of ten years against the Japanese currency at 100.96, yen.This morning the euro is worth 101.21 yen and 1.3218 dollar.

Oil markets, concerns about the global economy weigh on prices: a barrel of "light sweet crude" for delivery in November lost $ 1 absolutely free credit score.11, to 76.50 dollars in early electronic trading. A barrel of Brent North Sea crude for November delivery gave up 92 cents to 100.79 dollars.

In terms of macroeconomic indicators, investors will pay attention to the publication of industrial producer prices in the euro zone at least August. Overseas, industrial orders in the U.S. for August are expected in 16 hours. At the same time, the president of the Federal Reserve, Ben Bernanke, scheduled to speak before a congressional committee on "economic forecasts".

Dexia has announced the sale of its flagship

The entire banking sector will be followed on Tuesday.The board of directors of Dexia announced last night to have initiated a process to solve the structural problems of the group but did not mention track in particular. The Franco-Belgian bank should sell its flagship accelerated and isolation of its non-performing assets in a "bad bank". His last note was placed on negative watch by Moody's.

GDF Suez has completed the sale of the Rete Gas G6 consortium of infrastructure funds F2i, AXA Private Equity and Enel Distribution. The sale values ​​the distribution assets at an enterprise value of 772 million euros, to 103% of the regulated asset base in 2010, 9.3 times Ebitda and 17.5 times net income. This was announced in June.

Bonduelle has presented a sharp drop in its annual net profit by 48% to 30.4 million but expected a rebound in profitability for the year 2011-2012.The food group is also in talks to buy the vegetables Aucy in Russia.